Pump & stim-free

This section holds pre-workouts without caffeine or other stimulants. They usually contain citrulline malate, arginine, beetroot nitrates, glycerol and betaine, some also creatine monohydrate.

Two of the ingredients have an EU-authorised claim. Creatine increases physical performance in successive bursts of short-term, high intensity exercise, with 3 g a day. Betaine contributes to normal homocysteine metabolism, with 1.5 g a day; more than 4 g a day may significantly increase blood cholesterol levels. The other ingredients have no authorised claims, so compare the amounts per serving. They suit evening training when you would rather skip caffeine.